Background: The Madras High Court recently heard a petition filed by a group of individuals, seeking a direction to the Centre to conduct a caste-based census. Parties: The petition was filed by a group of individuals, while the respondents included the Centre and the State Government. Legal issues: The primary issue before the court was whether the Centre had a duty to conduct a caste-based census to gather data on the population of different castes. Court observations: The court directed the Centre to consider the plea for a caste-based census, observing that the data would be useful for policy-making and implementation of schemes for the benefit of marginalized communities. The court also noted that the Centre had a responsibility to ensure that the census was conducted in a fair and transparent manner. Significance: The order is significant as it highlights the need for a caste-based census to gather data on the population of different castes. The direction to the Centre to consider the plea means that the government will have to examine the feasibility of conducting a caste-based census and take a decision on the matter. The case underscores the importance of gathering data on caste populations to ensure that policies and schemes are targeted effectively.